A Research On Scandals Of Baseball - 3731 Words

Abady, David Mr. Laub Research Paper on Scandals in Baseball 4-30-15 Introduction For this paper, I will be researching the controversial topic on whether athletes or coaches, especially in baseball, should be recognized for their achievements if they were involved in any sort of scandals during their tenures. This subject is hotly debated due to the fact that some find it wrong to reward people who have committed major wrongdoings or even cheated the game they were a part of. On the other hand, some believe that there comes a point in time when, after the players or coaches have suffered enough from their wrongdoings, these people should be rewarded and recognized for providing their sports with all of the glory they possibly could. For example, in the case of Pete Rose, some believe that he has served his time and should be voted into the MLB Hall of Fame due to the fact that he shattered records during his playing years. However, others do not think this way: they stay true to their belief that Rose should not be given such an honor due to the f act that he bet on the games. Clearly, this is a majorly debated topic because while some conclude that if these athletes or coaches provided their respective leagues with prosperity and have given the fans all they could ever ask for, they should surely be given the accolades to suffice their work, others believe that they should never be awarded any sort of honor due to the wrongdoings they committed. I will beShow MoreRelatedEssay about Media Sports: How did Baseball get Affected by Steroids?1246 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica’s national pastime baseball. Baseball is a sport that became the national sport in the United States in the late 19th century. From the beginning of the sport they tried to keep the highest standards to each player and ball club. There were times of scandal, but of all the things that happen to baseball substance abuse has been portrayed as one of the worst thing a player could do. To defame the baseball was to ruin everything the sport stood f or. This research paper will look at one ofRead MoreEight Men Out995 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout our country’s history there have been many examples of fraud and scandal. One of the most well-known scandals of our century is the 1919 Chicago White Sox Scandal. The movie â€Å"Eight Men Out† shows us what really happened throughout the 1919 baseball season with the Chicago White Sox. The Chicago White Sox were a Major League Baseball organization who was run by their penny-pinching owner, Charles Comiskey. He has been under -paying his players, despite the fact that they were the clearRead More Steroid Use in Major League Baseball Essay example1596 Words   |  7 PagesSteroid Use in Major League Baseball Steroids are unhealthy for baseball players and they are giving the game of baseball a bad reputation. Since steroids have become such a hot topic in Major League Baseball (MLB) fans have had nothing but bad things to say about the sport and its players. When sports illustrated asked some of its readers to give reaction to the steroid controversy in the MLB here is what baseball fan Howard Langsner from New York had to say Horrible, just horrible. We takeRead MoreBarry Bonds and Steroids Essay1125 Words   |  5 PagesHave you noticed the size of Barry Bonds’ entire body over the past couple years? His muscles grew big, and his endurance increased over time which allowed him to play baseball for as long as he had. Barry Bonds was a baseball player for the Pittsburgh Pirates and the San Francisco Giants for 21 years. He had to overcome some huge injuries, including a huge knee problem at the end of his career. The only way that he was able to lift so much while he still was recovering is a topic that has been discussedRead MoreThe Scandal Of Black Sox Scandal1820 Words   |  8 PagesTitle: The Scandal that involves Black Sox Topic: The Black Sox Scandal General Purpose: To inform about the audience about the historical event known as the Black Sox scandal. Specific Purpose: To explain the owner mistreatment of the players, the details of the scandal, trail that followed, and the effects of the scandal had. Introduction Attention Material: In 1919, the Chicago White Sox, a major league baseball team located in Chicago, Illinois, was one of the best teams in baseball. They hadRead MoreThe Violence Of The Sports Essay1324 Words   |  6 Pagesrequire coed sports, it requires equal opportunity and in the eyes of officials, softball and baseball seem pretty equal. I agree with Ring, the issue is with society. Girls will not want to play baseball if they do not know they can play baseball. If starting in little league, teams were coed beyond t-ball, the desire to continue playing baseball could flourish. Darity explained she did not play baseball or any other coed sport because they were not offered. We as a society are failing our girlsRead MoreA Letter to the Minister of Sports in Singapore863 Words   |  3 Pagesveracity has to be questioned because the biological passport has †¦already led to convictions and Saugy believes this test is †¦forcing people to decrease their doping habits (Ca llaway, 284). Professor D.H. Catlin is the CEO of the Anti-Doping Research Institute in Los Angeles, and he asserts that notwithstanding the grim history of doping in the Olympics and in cycling events, progress has been made. Flatly Catlin states that doping in many sports on several continents †¦has become a major publicRead MoreMen And Women s Basketball Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough men and women’s basketball are closer to being equal than softball and baseball, the leagues are still separate. America has a women’s league and a men’s league and never the two shall meet. A woman is not allowed in the NBA since she has the WNBA. The separation is strong, obvious, and seemingly permanent. Like basketball, they created softball to play indoors during the winter. The game earned the name softball and due to its easier properties was often â€Å"regarded as baseball’s stepchild†Read MoreShoeless Joe : A Fictional Story Of A Man Known2120 Words   |   9 Pageswife Annie and their daughter Karin. Kinsella is obsessed with baseball, specifically Shoeless Joe Jackson, and the Black Sox Scandal of the 1919 World Series. When he hears a voice telling him, â€Å"If you build it, he will come†, he blindly follows the instructions. The voice tells him to build a baseball field in the midst of his corn crop in order to give his hero a chance at redemption. The field becomes a place for the spirits of baseball legends to come and play. Ray later gets to meet his fatherRead MoreSteroids And Other Performance Enhancing Drugs1678 Words   |  7 PagesSteroids and other performance enhancing drugs have been banned from Major League Baseball since 1991; however, this law was not strictly enforced by the Major League Baseball Players Association (Anabolic Steroids). The MLBPA to date has become much more involved in the issue of PED use in the MLB, and they do test many of the players for traces of steroids. Few players are caught ea ch year, but when a big name pops up, the whole debacle headlines newspapers, constantly talked about on sports networks

The Nucleus - Definition, Structure, and Function

The cell nucleus​ is a membrane-bound structure that contains a cells hereditary information and controls its growth and reproduction. It is the command center of a eukaryotic cell and is usually the most notable cell organelle in both size and function. Function The key function of the nucleus is to control cell growth and multiplication. This involves regulating gene expression, initiating cellular reproduction, and storing genetic material necessary for all of these tasks. In order for a nucleus to carry out important reproductive roles and other cell activities, it needs proteins and ribosomes. Protein and Ribosome Synthesis The nucleus regulates the synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm through the use of messenger RNA (mRNA). Messenger RNA is a transcribed DNA segment that serves as a template for protein production. It is produced in the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores of the nuclear envelope, which youll read about below. Once in the cytoplasm, ribosomes and another RNA molecule called transfer RNA work together to translate mRNA in order to produce proteins. Physical Characteristics The shape of a nucleus varies from cell to cell but is often depicted as spherical. To understand more about the role of the nucleus, read about the structure and function of each of its parts. Nuclear Envelope and Nuclear Pores The cell nucleus is bound by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. This membrane separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm, the gel-like substance containing all other organelles. The nuclear envelope consists of phospholipids that form a lipid bilayer much like that of the cell membrane. This lipid bilayer has nuclear pores that allow substances to enter and exit the nucleus, or transfer from the cytoplasm to the nucleoplasm. The nuclear envelope helps to maintain the shape of the nucleus.  It is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in such a way that the internal chamber of the nuclear envelope is continuous with the lumen, or inside, of the ER. This also allows the transfer of materials as well. Chromatin The nucleus houses chromosomes containing DNA. DNA holds heredity information and instructions for cell growth, development, and reproduction. When a cell is resting, or not dividing, its chromosomes are organized into long entangled structures called chromatin. Nucleoplasm Nucleoplasm is the gelatinous substance within the nuclear envelope. Also called karyoplasm, this semi-aqueous material  is similar to cytoplasm in that it is composed mainly of water with dissolved salts, enzymes, and organic molecules suspended within. The nucleolus and chromosomes are surrounded by nucleoplasm, which cushions and protects nuclear contents. Like the nuclear envelope, the nucleoplasm supports the nucleus to hold its shape. It also provides a medium by which materials, such as enzymes and nucleotides  (DNA and RNA subunits), can be transported throughout the nucleus to its various parts. Nucleolus Contained within the nucleus is a dense,  membrane-less structure composed of RNA and proteins called the nucleolus. The nucleolus contains nucleolar organizers, the parts of chromosomes carrying the genes for ribosome synthesis. The nucleolus helps to synthesize ribosomes by transcribing and assembling ribosomal RNA  subunits. These subunits join together to form ribosomes during protein synthesis.

The Role of the Narrator in The Great Gatsby Essay

The Role of the Narrator in The Great Gatsby The role of the narrator is to establish a link with the outside world and the one in which he lives. Nick in essence becomes the eyes and ears of the novel. And through him the basis of opinions that occur on the other characters are created. Nick becomes the sole source for information in the novel. Nick also participates in the novel, and is not just an observer. Nick provides the novels moral framework. Nick Carraway the Narrator starts off with a little bit about himself as to provide some background on his life. 1I graduated from New Haven in 1915, just a quarter of a century after my father, and a little later I participated in that delayed Teutonic migration known as†¦show more content†¦3After two years I remember the rest of that day, and that night and the next day, only as an endless drill of police and photographers and newspaper men in and out of Gatsbys front door. There is a two year time lapse at this part in the novel from when all the main events took place. A reader must remember this, when reading the novel, as Nick can easily forget some of the important points that took place. The reader must keep these points in mind as it might provide better understanding of the novel. Nick provides the moral framework for this novel which helps to shape your opinions of the other characters. 4Whenever you feel like criticizing any one, he told me, just remember that all the people in this world havent had the advantages that youve had. Nick quotes his father, at this point in the book. He points out that he shouldnt forget any details, since it may give the wrong impression to the reader. 5I am still a little afraid of missing something if I forget that, as my father snobbishly suggested, and I snobbishly repeat, a sense of the fundamental decencies is parcelled out unequally at birth. This gives the reader some insight into Nicks own personal values. He also reminds himself of his fathers words of wisdom. through this quote he tries to point out that each person is born into the world under different circumstances, and thus each personShow MoreRelated Views on the role of Nick as a narrator in the Great Gatsby have2454 Words   |  10 PagesViews on the role of Nick as a narrator in the Great Gatsby have varied greatly. How do the views of Arthur Mizener and Gary J. Scrimgeour relate to your own view of Nicks function in the novel? Published in 1925, and written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby is a brilliant and scathing illustration of life among the new rich during the 1920s; people who had recently amassed a great deal of wealth but had no corresponding social connections, or a sense of morality. Nick CarrawayRead More Nick Carraway as Narrator of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby1107 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of Nick Carraway as Narrator of The Great Gatsby      Ã‚  In The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald presents a specific portrait of American society during the roaring twenties and tells the story of a man who rises from the gutter to great riches. This man, Jay Gatsby, does not realize that his new wealth cannot give him the privileges of class and status. Nick Carraway who is from a prominent mid-western family tells the story. Nick presents himself as a reliable narrator, when actuallyRead MoreF.Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Comparison and Contrasted with Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice1708 Words   |  7 Pagestexts contributes to creating meaning for other texts. An example of this is Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice, this novel is more easily understood when it is compared and contrasted to other literature works, such as F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby. The aspects of the two novels that can be compared and contrasted are the plot development, characterisation, setting, narrative point of view, writers context and themes and issues. The plot of Pride and Prejudice is about a lower upperRead MoreIn The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway as the Foil, Protagonist, and Narrator596 Words   |  3 PagesIn The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Nick Carraway functions as both the foil and protagonist, as well as the narrator. A young man from Minnesota, Nick travels to the West Egg in New York to learn about the bond business. He lives in the district of Long Island, next door to Jay Gatsby, a wealthy young man known for throwing lavish parties every night. Nick is gradually pulled into the lives of the rich socialites of the East and West Egg. Because of his relationships with GatsbyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By George Orwell1539 Words   |  7 PagesPalahniuk himself even states that Fight Club is the modernised version of The Great Gatsby, when he refers to it as ‘just The Great Gatsby updated a little’. We see when we compare the novels that culture and values have evolved but themes and is sues challenging society in the 1920’s world of The Great Gatsby, are still present seventy years later in the 1990’s world of Fight Club. The Great Gatsby is about America’s decline and the fall of the American dream with the struggle of the classes, andRead MoreThe Roles Minor Characters Have in Literature1613 Words   |  7 Pagesmajor characters by emphasizing their important character traits, but in many cases they furthermore play a crucial role in the advancement of the plot. In the three novels that were examined this year, The Great Gatsby, The Kite Runner, and The Handmaids Tale, the minor character had a pivotal role in the development of the plot. In The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway is not only the narrator but he is the image of order in a society of disorder. In The Kite Runner, Rahim Khan is the moral center and actsRead MoreEssay about Great Gatsby862 Words   |  4 PagesFitzgeralds The Great Gatsby / Gatsbys Desire for Daisy exploring why Gatsby had such an obsessive desire for Daisy. The writer purports that Gatsby began by pursuing an ideal, not the real woman. In fact, he could not recognize the type of person she had become since they last saw each other. Gatsby lives in a dream world and Daisy is part of that dream. As the novel progresses, however, Gatsbys feelings change. Bibliography lists Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby : The Role of Nick CarrawayRead MorePursuing Relationships in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald741 Words   |  3 Pagesin The Great Gatsby, we are introduced to the characters with a sort of step-by-step process. Unfortunately, as our knowledge about the characters expands, our feelings of enchantment soon transform to that of disenchantment. Initially overlooking their flaws or putting them off to the side, it is only later that we realize the peril of each of their imperfections. In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the journey from delight to disappointment may be seen in the narrator, Nick CarrawayRead MoreThe Great Gatsby - Nick Carroways Role905 Words   |  4 PagesIn his novel The Great Gatsby, author F. Scott Fitzgerald had the main character Nick Carroway stand out as being overall, a decent person. Nick stands out especially when being compared to the other characters in the story. It is Nicks honesty with himself and toward others, his morality, and his unbiased, slow to judge qualities that make him the novels best character. br brThe chain of events that occur in the story begin with Nick meeting Jordan Baker at Gatsbys party. It was this meetingRead MoreGreat Gatsby Confidant Analysis833 Words   |  4 PagesNick Carraway: Confidant The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is a story of love and deceit. With deceit, there comes secrets, and with secrets, there comes confidants. A confidant is someone that one shares secrets or confides, trusting that they will not tell anyone else. In The Great Gatsby, the narrator, Nick Carraway, is the only true confidant who shows a variety of unique, strong, relationships between each major character. Nick used every power of his being to be there and support

General Biological Evolution Essay Example

Essays on General Biological Evolution Essay The paper "General Biological Evolution" is a great example of an essay on biology. Evolution and the age of the earth have always been two topics having a contentious explanation and neither is too strong to stand without critique. This work will look at biological evolution which has been used to explain the diversity between various organisms and also the relationship between them. The essay will also critique the creation theory which also stands to explain the origin and diversity of organisms. According to biological evolution, organisms had a similar origin. However, over the years the organisms have evolved differently according to what the environment dictates. Adaptation and natural selection ensure that only the best-suited organisms are left living while the rest become extinct (Munday, 2008).   Variation in various organisms as explained by the biological theory is due to micro and macroevolution. Microevolution is brought about by four processes which include genetic drift, mutation, natural selection, and gene flow. All these, though happening over large periods of time make the organisms to vary and it can be the source of new species. Macroevolution, on the other hand, refers to the evolution emanating from the separation of gene pools. This is also significant in explaining biological evolution. Scripture verses Biological EvolutionAccording to John C. Munday who authored Scripture and Biological Evolution, the scripture is against biological evolution by asserting that animals did not die before the fall (1). Animals started dying after man sinned against God. Therefore using this assertion, it is claimed that there was no evolution before the fall. The scripture also uses the creation of Adam and Eve directly into the people they were and not from evolution as a reas on to disregard biological evolution.

Factors of Success Free Essays

Heather N English 001A Midterm Essay 13 February 2013 The Factors of Success Success is a term that many use as a way to describe ideals. Living in a world that exalts the extraordinary, praises the leaders, and puts the best up on a pedestal, it is not hard to guess why achieving success is what the human race strives to do. Youth look up to the exceptional people in their life, media grasps stories of thriving individuals, and the world idolizes those who stand out. We will write a custom essay sample on Factors of Success or any similar topic only for you Order Now People endeavor great struggles and hardships to obtain that blissful feeling of reward and individuals are taught from day one to do whatever it takes to thrive. The book Outliers by Malcolm Gladwell is a story of success and how it is achieved. Though having many different theories on success, the story focuses on the sociological phenomena of the importance of all the factors it takes to truly be an accomplished individual. Malcolm Gladwell uses different anecdotes and real life examples in his book Outliers to illustrate how success is not just solely ambition and other intrinsic factors, but a function of broader points influenced by innate, societal, and cultural factors. To support the theory on success not only being the indigenous feeling to achieve, Gladwell uses the example of The Matthew Effect, which is basically opportunities based on timing. He explains how the best Canadian hockey players have a birthday closer to January 1st and, â€Å"in the beginning, his advantage isn’t so much that he is inherently better but only that he is a little older† (25). The older the player is, the more experienced, dedicated, and capable he will be, and be scouted to move on to a higher rank. They then start to train with the best coaches and facilities, giving them success. This is showing how a factor of success is just evidently age, timing, and, â€Å"it is those who are successful, in other words, who are most likely to be given the kinds of special opportunities that lead to further success† (30). Another example of the success by timing and opportunities is the story of the Beatles. The Beatles were invited to play in Hamburg and it was by pure accident that, â€Å"Bruno went to London to look for bands. But he happened to meet an entrepreneur from Liverpool in Soho who was down in London by pure chance† (48). Obviously the Beatles are one of the most aesthetically pleasing bands of the 20th century and they have considerable talent, but if it were not for that one accidental connection that was established, who knows what would have happened to their success. These examples go to show that opportunities and luck are huge factors in describing what success is. Another factor of describing what constitutes success are societal and cultural perception. Gladwell uses his narrative of Joe Flom’s classmate at Harvard, Alexander Bickel. He was the top of his class and, â€Å"perhaps the finest constitutional scholar of his generation† (121). As a Jewish man with a thick Brooklyn accent, he did not fit the cookie cutter image they were looking for and the firm was not interested. This goes to show the correlation between perception and success by simply being denied a job because of cultural factors. It is universally known that people judge based on opinions, which causes hindering on success. The way someone was raised in their culture might negatively affect their opportunity for success purely based on someone else’s opinion on their culture. A Wall Street Journal article titled, Race and ‘Privilege’, talks about the phenomenon of the term ‘white privilege’ and how it ties to success. The article says, â€Å"We’re [whites] privileged that people see us, not a color,† and, â€Å"we’re privileged because society was set up for us, and our silence keeps it in place†. As much as society choses to ignore it, a factor of success is cultural race. Some races are considered privileged because they do not have that hindering stereotype targeted on their back and are more likely to get a perception of something different and be presented with more opportunities. Other races are considered successful solely by the societal factors of just where they live and the culture they grew up in. Cultural and societal factors tie into success as well. The article Asian-American Parenting and Academic Success in Pacific Standard, delves deep into discussing the unique style of Asian American parenting. It goes to say, â€Å"Over the past two decades, a spate of studies has examined cultural beliefs that shape Asian-American parenting, and their effect on kids’ learning†. Then it goes on to explain how cultural ancient beliefs have shaped how parents raise their kids to this day. The 5th century philosopher, Confucius, has influenced Asian culture and, â€Å"taught that human beings should strive their whole lifetime to improve or perfect themselves†. These ideas that have transmitted down through generations have statistics to prove that the Asian culture is no stranger to working hard to achieve success and, â€Å"such veneration of diligence helps account for the widespread Asian belief that when striving for academic success, effort counts more than innate ability†. The culture embraces the idea of shape parenting and managing by a more hands on style. Because of this more governed culture, Asian Americans come out on top resulting in becoming more successful. However, one of the most important factors of success is the intrinsic motivation that one possesses and the actual time put into what is trying to be achieved. The 10,000-hour rule is another one of Gladwell’s theories used to explain success in Outliers. Based on a study by Anders Ericsson, â€Å"The emerging picture from such studies is that ten thousand hours of practice is required to achieve the level of mastery associated with being a world-class expert in anything† (40). Or in other words, the most successful people have spent grueling time, hour after hour, to work and become experts at their craft. He uses the example of one of the most influential people, Bill Gates. When he stumbled upon a high school computer in 1968, Gates lived at the computer to learn and program his way into leading one of the top grossing industries in the world. It goes to show how much practice is needed to go into a craft to reach that threshold of expertise, which then leads to success. If a person has neither stamina nor drive to push them to work to become powerful in what they do, success cannot be achieved. Malcolm Gladwell uses different anecdotes and real life examples in his book Outliers to illustrate how success is not just solely ambition and other intrinsic factors, but a function of broader points influenced by innate, societal, and cultural factors. Combinations of all these factors are what really influence the idea of success. Success is elusive because to acquire such rare opportunities, be raised specifically to always do well, have a culture that pushes to perform exceptionally, and have the motivation to dedicate 10,000 hours to the craft, can be grueling. However, not having the perfect combination of the factors of success does not mean that success cannot be achieved. Everyone has a different viewpoint of what success means to them and their own innate way of getting on the path to their life fulfillment. All it takes is the will to have the presence of the mind and the rest is up to the person. No one is able to have a guaranteed success. If they desperately aspire to be the best, there is a path for them. Works Cited Gladwell, Malcolm. Outliers: The Story of Success. New York: Little, Brown and, 2008. Print. Seal, Kathy. â€Å"Asian-American Parenting and Academic Success. †Ã‚  Pacific Standard. Pacific Standard Magazine, 13 Dec. 2010. Web. 9 Feb. 2013. Taranto, James. â€Å"Race and ‘Privilege'†Ã‚  Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones Company, 21 June 2012. Web. 9 Feb. 2013. How to cite Factors of Success, Essay examples

Managing People Organizations Management â€Myassignmenthekp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Managing People Organizations Management? Answer: Introduction Industry analysis can be defined as a marketing assessment tool which is designed in order to provide an understanding of a companys position in contrast with other companies producing similar services and products. Understanding the overall workforces of an industry is regarded as a major component for strategic planning in a more effective way. It involves reviewing of the economic, market and political factors, which influence the development of any industry (E. Dobbs 2014). The report highlights the concept of industrial analysis taking Time out Caf into consideration. Industrial development can get highly influenced by the suppliers and buyers power, the competitors condition and the new entrants in the market (Rothaermel 2015). The report throws light on the detailed analysis of industrial rivalry, barriers, bargaining power of the consumers and suppliers and substitute products. It further includes the strategies and processes to gain competitive advantages, including cost leadership, differentiation strategy, e business, sustainability strategy and others, which influence the industrial growth and progress. Industry analysis Industry analysis includes Porters five forces analysis which is an important tool for the business strategists. It is basically based on certain observations of the varying profit margins between the industries which influences the industrial structure. It determines an industrys attractiveness. It also gives a brief idea how a company operates and what are its strategies. This section of the report describes the competitive forces of any industry (Dobbs 2012). Industry rivalry It denotes the degree of the competition among industries and existing firms. The intensity of the rivalry among various competitors of any company refers to an extent through which the firms within a company pressurize one another; as a result, it limits there profit potential. Competitors often try to steal market and profit share from each other. This, in turn, reduces the potential of profit for all the firms within an industry. As far as Porters five forces framework is concerned, the rivalrys intensity shapes the industrys competitive structure, as it influences the existing firms ability to achieve profit (Lee, Kim and Park 2012). High rivalry intensity means the competitors are targeting the markets of each other and pricing the products aggressively. The strengths of Time out Caf is its packaging, food quality, price, situated at a suitable place and its delivery service. It encourages diversity and is equipped with high technology which is loved by people. It provides a fri endly environment to its customers and staffs. Moreover, it is expanding its strategies through online delivery and building loyalty among the consumers. It is lowering the prices of its products indirectly via more deals and combos which will lure them to buy more products (Perdana, Roshetko and Kurniawan 2012). Barriers to entry It refers to some obstacles or high startup costs which prevent the new competitors to enter the industry easily or the business area. It is beneficial for the firms that already exists and operating as it protects the companies being affected from new entrants. The common barriers are special benefits of tax, patents, customer loyalty, brand identity and high switching costs of the customers. The Time out Caf has strong customer base and well brand recognition. The caf has a strong presence in the social media, which helps it compete with the new entrants in the marketing (Grandori 2012). Bargaining power of consumers According to Porters Forces the power of the buyer can directly shape the structure of competition of an industry. It refers to the consumers pressure on getting them high quality products at lower prices. Strong buyers pressurize the sellers to lower the prices of the products and offer them better and more services at a lower price. It hampers the competitiveness of an industry and the profit making potential. The Time out Caf has a strategy of attracting the consumers while gaining profit at the same time. It created various deals like combo packs and others which lure the consumers to purchase items from them. It will also save the consumers money and lessen their bargaining power (Zhao et al. 2016). Bargaining power of suppliers The strong presence of the powerful suppliers lessens the profit of any industry. It increases competition within the industries by indirectly threatening them to raise the prices or reduce the products and services quality. It reduces the profitability where the companies cannot recover the increase of costs. The Time out Caf is controlled by the market and thus, in order to mitigate the risks must reduce the suppliers power by making and designing their own products. It can also take over its retail distribution power (Grandori 2012). Substitute Products The industrial threats of substitute product refer to the competitors product which the consumers can buy instead of their own industrial product. It basically refers to the substitute product which offers the same benefits to the customers. In many cases, the substitute products prices are cheaper which increases the risk factor of the industrial product. The competitor of Time out Caf lowered their prices which ultimately dropped the cafs sale. Their strategy was different, as they didnt raise their products prices; rather they introduced new deals and combos over their products to entice their customers. This increased their sales and customer base. Moreover, the caf provides fast broadband internet for their staffs and customers, which helps them compete with the substitute market products (Dobbs 2012). Strategies and Process to Gain Competitive Advantage: Focused Differentiation Strategy: According to Porter, there are two of the basic management market competition theories that can be directed to the new entry business. He has identified three nonspecific business strategies. These are: Cost Differentiation Leadership Focus Differentiation According to Porter, focused differentiation strategy can be defined as the process of targeting small group of customers who are differentiated in terms of behavior, demography and other segments. This is closely associated to market segmentation. Focused differentiation strategy comprises of the understandings of customers loyalty, high margins, limited competition and customer awareness. As a matter of fact, this needs to be taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective understanding of the process that would focus on the generic conceptualization of how business is performed in a new market through profound understanding of the customers buying nature. In this context, it can be stated that the caf has created a product or service that is perceived by the customers as being unique in the industry. In this case the basic advantage lies in this fact that in most of the cases there has been a proper understanding of the case that would focus on the entire understandin g with its effective nature. As a matter of fact, the most interesting fact pertaining to the creation of unique product has been dependent on the quality it was supposed to provide to the customers. In terms of focused differentiation it can be stated that it has focused on the limited part of the market. The caf did not focus on broader understanding of the market in huge margin; rather it has only concentrated into the local market where it could become a solid threat to the other competitors. Focused cost Leadership Strategy: As discussed by Porter, focused cost leadership strategy needs competition that is based on the price of the product offered in the market. As a matter of fact, this has been taken into certain consideration, pertaining to the effective cost management of the products or services the caf offers in the market. From the SWOT analysis, it has been identified that in most of the cases there has been a thorough understanding of the process that was highly effective in terms of creating the basic focus with the entire case such as the basic understanding of the issues. In this case a narrow market is focused and the cost is delivered and structured on the basis of that particular narrow market. The caf has maintained moderate price in the market thus attracting greater number of the local customers. Cost Leadership Energy: In this context an effective and succinct definition needs to be developed. Since this has been taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective understanding of the process, it needs to be focused on the entire case. Cost leadership is a term that is defined through the conception of the company that projects itself as the cheapest manufacturing without compromising the quality of the product or service it provides in the market. The cost leadership energy is derived from the procurement of resources that the caf has developed through maintaining strong contract with the local suppliers thus cutting the cost behind production. Total Quality Management: According to the scholars, total quality management confirms the consistency of a company in the product or services offered by the company. With its four components such as planning, quality assurance, quality control and quality improvement the companies strategize their business performance for capturing the market. the caf does not only focus on the improvement in the quality of the service and product it provides to the customers, but it also strives to maintain quality management through proper communication channel between the company and the external stakeholders. E-Business strategy: Big-commerce has become an important stage in the maintaining process of the business. In terms of new entry technological intervention plays an important role for the success of the business. As a matter of fact, this has been taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective understanding that there is a clear chance for the entire understanding of the process. E-business ensure competitive advantage through the ease of the customer dealing and accounting quantification process. Sustainability: Business sustainability such as community build-up and environmental sustainability is one of the key strengths for a business to excel in the future business. Corporate social responsibility becomes obligations for the new entry business. As a matter of fact, this has been taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective understanding of the cases pertaining to the entire case that was highly motivating in terms of maintain balance. Conclusion: From the aforementioned discussion it can be concluded that new business entry needs a focus that is channelized through the conceptual understanding of the industry. With the help of the industrial analysis it needs to be taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective understanding of the process that would create an effective mindset in the focus leadership and quality management lessons. References Dobbs, M., 2014. Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry analysis templates.Competitiveness Review,24(1), pp.32-45. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Lee, H., Kim, M.S. and Park, Y., 2012. An analytic network process approach to operationalization of five forces model.Applied Mathematical Modelling,36(4), pp.1783-1795. Perdana, A., Roshetko, J.M. and Kurniawan, I., 2012. Forces of competition: smallholding teak producers in Indonesia.International Forestry Review,14(2), pp.238-248. Grandori, A. ed., 2012.Interfirm networks: organization and industrial competitiveness. Management. Zhao, Z.Y., Zuo, J., Wu, P.H., Yan, H. and Zillante, G., 2016. Competitiveness assessment of the biomass power generation industry in China: A five forces model study.Renewable Energy,89, pp.144-153. Dobbs, M.E., 2012, January. Porter's five forces in practice: Templates for firm and case analysis. InCompetition Forum(Vol. 10, No. 1, p. 22). American Society for Competitiveness.

Master of Public Health for Childhood Vaccination - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMaster of Public Health for Childhood Vaccination. Answer: Introduction: The rate of full immunization coverage for children has not been achieved equally in low developed countries compared to developing countries. According to the WHO report for achieving target immunization coverage for vaccine like DTP, countries like Africa and South East Asia are still short of the target of 90%. Many barriers to achieving vaccination target has been found to contribute to the trend in low developing countries. Some of these barriers include poor parent education, low income and poor access to health care facilities (World Health Organization, 2017). As a staff working in health department of Maharashtra, India, I have been given the task of evaluating the effectiveness of various interventions to determine whether investment should be done to improve vaccination rate according to new policy directive or not. Hence, this report mainly review the findings from the Cochrane review of the article on Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunization in low and middle-income countries and evaluates the applicability of the Cochrane review findings on improving vaccinate rates in India particularly Maharashtra. The structured assessment is likely to influence the decision regarding investing for vaccination efforts in the chosen country. Childhood vaccination issues in India: The Government of India focused on intensification of childhood immunization in remote and inaccessible rural areas in the year 2012-2013 and their target was also to eradicate polio transmission and measles from the country by 2010 (Bhatnagar et al., 2016). According to national immunization coverage for 2015, 87% vaccination rate was achieved for BCG, DTP3 and MCV1. The government was involved in 39% spending on vaccines and 42% spending on routine immunization programme (EPI Fact Sheet, 2017).This reflects that advances in immunization coverage rates has been achieved, however still India has fallen short of coverage for all children because of many management challenges. Some of the reasons for poor vaccine coverage back in the 1990s included extreme focus on polio eradication at the expense of other vaccines, insufficient investment of government in vaccination coverage, presence anti-vaccine advocates as well as poor education in people. The quality of supply chain and infrastr ucture was also found to affect the vaccination coverage because 25% of vaccines did reached health care clinics and doctors and they were wasted (Centre for Public Impact, 2017). The evaluation of more recent statistics on coverage for DPT vaccine revealed that 19.3 million infants in 2010 remain unimmunized globally and India achieved only 61% immunization coverage in 2011. The investigation regarding the reason for such trend revealed that dropout rates was higher in migrant groups because of poor service utilization and inability to complete full course of vaccination (Progress Towards Global Immunization Goals, 2017).As 2012 became the year of intensification of routine vaccination particularly in remote and backward areas, Nath, Kaur, Tripathi, (2015) investigated about the challenges in vaccination rate among migrant population in Uttarakhand, India. The main findings from the study was that gap in immunization coverage was seen because of inadequate cold chain maintenance, poor tracking of dropouts and poor training in staffs regarding maintaining the temperature of vaccines. In case of mothers, the main reason for non-immunization included the prefer ence for vaccinating child in resident district only and lack of awareness about session site location. Review of these challenges in achieving vaccination rates in India mainly suggest that tailored strategies as intervention were not taken to specifically target immunization coverage in people living in rural and remote areas particularly with low education. It also points out to weakness in counseling efforts to change the attitude of parents towards the immunization process. As this report is mainly focused on evaluating applicability of Cochrane review findings particularly for Maharashtra, analyzing the challenges in vaccination coverage in the state is also necessary. The study by Gatchell, Thind, Hagigi, (2008) pointed that for children in Maharashtra, education in parents increased the likelihood of completing immunization in children compared to uneducated parents. Receipt of antenatal care and exposure to TV was a strong predictor of complete immunization however household standard of living also affected the immunization status of children. One unique finding for Maharashtra was that children in rural areas were more likely to be completely immunized compared to those in urban areas. This is an indication that rural infrastructure is strong in Maharashtra and more efforts is required in improving coverage in urban areas. Scheduled caste related biasness in coverage was also seen suggesting more interventions targeting this group. Hence, consider ation of state level determinant of immunization is crucial to improving overall immunization rates in India. Summary of the findings of the Cochrane review: The Cochrane review of the article on Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunization in low and middle income countries revealed about types of interventions implemented in countries like Ghana, India, Nepal, Pakistan and many other low developing countries. Some of the relevant interventions implemented for improving childhood immunization coverage included providing community based health education, facility based health education and redesigned reminder cards, monetary incentives, home visits, immunization outreach with and without incentives and integration of immunization with other health services. In terms of effectiveness, moderate evidence was found for communication regarding vaccination in parents and other community members (Oyo?Ita et al., 2012). However, for other interventions like use of reminder card, regular immunization outreach home visits and integration of immunization with primary health care service, low certainty evidence was found for immuniz ation coverage. This indicates that strong evidence was not present for the effectiveness of one type of intervention to improve the coverage. The author also presented limitations in each intervention with proper arguments and raising arguments regarding varied intensity and content of each intervention. For example, the community based education intervention was given with the purpose of educating people about the benefits and risk of vaccination and how and where to received vaccine services. However, the feasibility of this approach is not clear because no evidence is present for the impact of such intervention in improving completion of the immunization schedule (Oyo?Ita et al., 2012). Another intervention identified in the Cochrane review was related to community based health education and again effect of such intervention was questioned in a community with low literacy. Another study also regarding monetary incentive intervention to beneficial in imprpvong immunization rate in a family with poor economic resource, but the methodological challenge in this process is that how donor support and incentive could be arrang ed in specific locations (Oyo?Ita et al., 2012). This mainly indicates that studies are presented but poor presentation of effectiveness restricts the wider applicability of the study. The study was useful in showing about the lack of evidence on the approach taken to promote the sustainability of the interventions. The author also presented the barrier to the applicability of the interventions in real setting. For instance, applicability may be affected by the level of education in immunization health workers and poor access to relevant resource and infrastructure related to immunization coverage. Hence, it can be said that resource played an critical role in the success of any intervention and to determine the long-term sustainability and cost effectiveness of any interventions, data related to resource implications must be comprehensively analysed. In addition, there is a need for well-conducted RCT studies to get high certainty evidence regarding the efficacy of intervention in improving childhood immunization coverage. Structure discussion of five support questions: The main purpose of evaluation of interventions mentioned in the Lavis et al., (2009) is to determine whether any of the intervention can be applied in the health care system of India and particularly the state of Maharashtra or not. The author of the Cochrane review mainly supported interventions like providing information to parents and community members about immunization, combination of health education and redesigning immunization reminder card, home visits and integration of immunization with other service to improve immunization coverage in low and middle income countries (Oyo?Ita et al., 2012). The structured assessment for applicability of the Cochrane review is mainly done by use of five questions from the Lavis et al., (2009) as the support tool particularly ensures that decisions are well-informed and critical assessment of intervention according to local context is possible. Consistency of findings across settings or time periods The first criterion for evaluation of the study are to find out whether the findings are based in the same setting as the policy maker or the reviewer or not. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the applicability of the intervention for the health care system of India. However, the systematic review included fourteen studies and it include two studies from India and other studies from the country of Ghana, Mexico, Honduras, Pakistan, Zimbabwe and Nepal (Oyo?Ita et al., 2012). This means that local applicability of the intervention is doubtful for the health care system of India. However, consistency of finding across all settings can also give an idea about local applicability of the interventions. For all the studies done across different settings, low certainty evidence was present for effectiveness. Therefore, consistency across different settings was not found. In addition, major studies were published between the 2004 to 2011, however some were published in 1998 and 19 96 too. It is not clear whether the finding is consistent across time periods. Hence, the study done in Indian settings needs to be evaluated to understand whether they can be implemented in the state of Maharashtra or not. The intervention done in Indian setting investigated about the immunization outreach with and without incentives by means of a clustered randomized controlled trial. The study was done in a rural setting of Rajasthan and three groups in the study included monthly immunization camp, immunization camps with incentive and the controls groups. The survey with participants in randomly selected households revealed that full immunization rate was higher for the immunization group with incentive compared to the control group. The average cost per immunization was higher for group with incentive compared to without intervention group. The main conclusion from the study was that small incentives can have a positive impact in improving immunization coverage in areas with poor resource (Banerjee et al., 2010). As this study has been done in rural setting, it can be said that this type of intervention can be applied in Maharashtra only in rural and remotes areas where people do not have access to reliable immunization camp. The transferability and effectiveness of this intervention is high for low income areas. This is considered a reliable intervention for rural setting because another study showed that introduction of food/medicine vouchers as incentive to mothers increases the completion of DTP coverage by two fold in low socio-economic area (Chandir et al., 2010). Hence, similar approach is likely to work in rural areas of Maharashtra or any other state in India. In the context of Maharashtra and India, immunization with incentive intervention is not likely to be effective and reliable in urban areas. Review of studies done in other countries will also not help to determine the applicability of any intervention for India because the health care system of India will differ from that of other countries. The immunization service outreach urban children may differ based on standard of living index. The review of challenges faced in achieving immunization target in India or Maharashtra may also help in determining the most effective intervention for urban areas. The study on trends in child immunization across geographical regions in India has revealed that urban-rural different and gender equity in different states has an impact on immunization coverage. In Maharashtra, particularly, the gender equality ratio is high and gender inequality challenges in full immunization coverage needs to be considered (Singh, 2013). Hence, this element needs to b e considered in intervention for improving coverage in Maharashtra. Factors affecting the feasibility or acceptability of intervention options: The systematic review proposed various interventions for improving the childhood immunization coverage. However, their feasibility and acceptability may be affected by ground realities and political or other constraints faced in India, hence before deciding on any intervention for Maharashtra, the links with ground realities needs to be analysed. In terms of ground realities, the main challenges is that health worker density is low in India and the distribution of health workers remains a barrier to Universal Health coverage. Association has been found between shortage of health workers and poorer health outcomes in Indian state. Hence, if any interventions focuses on community based health educations, the shortage of community health workers in any Indian state will reduce the applicability of the intervention. The rural-urban division also affects immunization coverage and for rural areas of Maharashtra, the trend is different as the immunization coverage is rural area of the state is much better than other Indian states. Another insight from evaluation of immunization coverage in Maharashtra was that only 60% has immunization card and in this aspect, the interventions related to redesigned reminder cards might work for the target setting (Gupta, Pore, Patil, 2013). Hence, in the context of health care system of India, the facility based health education plus redesigned reminder cards may be feasible as an intervention for immunization coverage. Another factor affecting the feasibility of any interventions in Indian setting is the issue of gender bias in the population. Mathew et al., (2017) studied about the barrier to immunization among women in an Indian state and this mainly showed that attitudinal barrier to immunization was high. For instance, poor male participation, gender bias, lack of family support, poor attitude towards vaccinisation in elderly, strange rumors and apprehension of getting many vaccines acted as the barrier in immunization coverage. Hence, an intervention may become less applicable for Indian context if it does not address attitudinal barriers in interventions. In this context, role of health personnel and effective counseling and health education sessions is likely to be feasible in improving immunisation rate in the health care system of India. This type of evaluation in terms of ground realities is necessary to confirm the applicability of any intervention in local setting because diffusion of e vidence into policy depends largely on the factors involved at each stage of the adoption process (Bowen Zwi, 2005). Role of health system arrangements in affecting the feasibility of intervention Oyo?Ita et al., (2012) included articles in the studies which included low developing countries like Nepal, Pakistan, Zimbabwe and others which might have different health system arrangements than India. In such case, the evaluation of the intervention needs to be done on the basis of health system arrangements that alters outcome of the intervention. For instance, the monetary incentive intervention in the form of household cash transfer done in Zimbabwe and Nicargua may give alternative results in India. In the context of health care system arrangement in India, the universal immunization program in India covers free vaccination against 12 life threatening diseases and there is an impetus to develop new vaccines and improve the quality of vaccines. Work is also going on address gaps in cold-chain management (Dang, 2017).However, no systematic arrangement has been found to permanently provided incentive related benefits to target group to achieve the full immunization goals. Without such arrangement, any incentive related intervention is less likely to be feasible. However, the study done in Zimbabwe did not considered about the health system arrangement to extend incentive benefits to enhance vaccination coverage (Crea et al., 2015). Another health system arrangement that significantly affects the performance in immunization coverage is the timeliness in immunization coverage. For all types of intervention, whether it is home visits or immunization outreach, the purpose fails until appropriate strategies are not in place for timeliness in coverage. The review of timeliness of immunization coverage is a concern in India, because Barman, Nath Hazarika, (2015) has showed poor progress in age-appropriate immunization coverage of children due to caste, religion and socioeconomic status of the population in Assam. This implies that timeliness in coverage has been affected by these factors. In the context of Maharashtra, the challenges in timeliness in coverage is reflected by the disparities in coverage in tribal and schedule caste group. The study Mathew, (2012) proved that proportion unvaccinated children was high in four states of India and this was mainly due to imbalance in rural vs urban, girls vs boys, schedule d caste vs others and literate vs illiterate parents. Although Maharashtra had good progress in rural vaccination than urban vaccination, but lower complete vaccination was found in families belong to scheduled caste in the state. This means different in social characteristics of Maharashtra is likely to affect the feasibility of any intervention. Difference in baseline considerations: The baseline conditions in any study is also likely to give idea about the effectiveness of interventions. The study included in the systematic review can be evaluated for feasibility in Maharashtra, India by analyzing the relation between baseline conditions and absolute effects. The review of characteristics of included studies has shown that baseline condition was not similar to those of Maharashtra, India in all case. For example, there was an article that focused on evidence based discussion on immunization in poorest districts of countries (Andersson et al., 2009) and another study focused on disadvantage rural community in India for vaccination coverage (Banerjee et al., 2013). However, this is not applicable for the state of Maharashtra because improving immunization rate in rural areas is not their priority. Statistics reveals that immunization rate for rural areas in Maharashtra are good because of good rural infrastructure. Hence, interventions focusing on rural areas stan d irrelevant for brining improvement in the context of Maharashtra, India. Review of studies of cash transfer gave idea about impact of intervention on eligible village community and the education component. This again is not feasible for the baseline condition of Maharashtra (Oyo?Ita et al., 2012). However, on intervention is found to have greater baseline similarity to that of Maharashtra state as it aimed to address immunization coverage in spite of developed immunization infrastructure by means of home visit. This is relevant to the target state because despite the good immunization infrastructure, the state has not achieved equal immunization coverage for scheduled caste group. Hence, use of home visits can be considered an intervention to improve immunization rates. Many others studied focused on pregnant women and endemic areas and this is not related to the context and issues for Maharashtra. The RCT study done in Pakistan can be considered for applicability in Maharashtra as it focused on communities with low literacy and low immunization with use of targeted pictorial messages (Owais et al., 2011). Similar approach might help to improve immunization rates in scheduled caste tribe in Maharashtra. Insights regarding the implementation of evidence from systematic reviews The review of the abstract of the systematic review has given idea that there was lack of high certainty evidence regarding any interventions. Petticrew, (2003) mainly suggest that many systematic reviews fail to reach any conclusion because they contain few outcome evaluation or meta-analytic approaches in reviewing of observation data might be missing. In addition, the main problem in deciding the applicability of the interventions for the public health system of Maharashtra India was that studies were done in other country setting apart from India. However, some conclusion can be drawn from this study even if the evidence are not directly applicable for local setting. For example, Owais et al., (2011) was not done in India, however it focused on communities with low literacy and low immunization rate. Hence, some strategies or ideas can be gained from this intervention to address the problem of low immunization rate in schedule caste group in Maharashtra. The intervention focused on immunization promotion educational interventions by trained community health workers and this might help to address perception of immunization in scheduled caste tribe. In addition, the strategy of incentive can be considered in initial stages if the immunization coverage rate is too low in any group. However, in that case. accurate funding arrangements should be there for target groups. Home visits is likely to effective in addressing attitudinal barrier to vaccine uptake. The main gap identified in the systematic review was there was no focus on studies in any racial group and presence of studies in this participant group might be the most feasible for addressing the immunization coverage issues in Maharashtra. Conclusion: From the critical review of Cochrane review article on intervention to address immunization coverage in low developing countries, the main conclusion is that no intervention is directly applicable for the health care system of Maharashtra, India. However, considering the poor immunization coverage in urban areas and schedule caste tribe of Maharashtra, home visits along with education intervention and incentive is considered to be beneficial for local application in Maharashtra. Hence, as India is mainly focusing on improving the technologies related to vaccination, there is a need to move to the direction of investment in training of health care professional, education intervention and incentive arrangement to address the challenges in achieving full immunization coverage in Maharashtra. Hence, health of the Vaccination section can focus on investment to extend incentive scheme, increase home visits and improve the quality of immunization education program. Reference Andersson, N., Cockcroft, A., Ansari, N. M., Omer, K., Baloch, M., Foster, A. H., ... Soberanis, J. L. (2009). Evidence-based discussion increases childhood vaccination uptake: a randomised cluster controlled trial of knowledge translation in Pakistan.BMC International Health and Human Rights,9(1), S8. Banerjee, A. V., Duflo, E., Glennerster, R., Kothari, D. (2010). 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